2020 SP4: Nuevas funciones y mejoras

Tekla Structures
2020
Tekla Structures

2020 SP4: Nuevas funciones y mejoras

Mejoras en Gestión documentos

Mejora del modo Mostrar solo documentos seleccionados

  • Cuando se activaba el modo Mostrar solo documentos seleccionados,Gestión documentos no mostraba documentos que se creaban o modificaban entonces. Esto se ha corregido para que se muestren los documentos nuevos y cambiados, siempre que coincidan con los criterios de búsqueda activa y categoría seleccionada. Estos documentos aparecerán en la lista como no seleccionados para distinguirlos de los documentos ya seleccionados.

    TTSD-25479

Mejora en la edición de dibujos

  • Si seleccionaba un conjunto de dibujos para editarlos en la listaGestión documentos y ya se había editado uno de los dibujos seleccionados, el comandoEdición no estaba disponible en el menú contextual. El mismo problema existía con la cancelación de la edición si uno de los dibujos seleccionados no se había editado actualmente. Esto se ha corregido ahora para que los comandos de menú contextualEdición yCancelar edición estén siempre visibles independientemente del estado de edición de los dibujos seleccionados.

    TTSD-26855

Orden de los dibujos en el cuadro de diálogo Imprimir dibujos

  • El orden de los dibujos en el cuadro de diálogoImprimir Dibujos ahora coincide con el orden en que aparecían enGestión documentos en el momento en que se abría el cuadro de diálogoImprimir Dibujos.

    TTSD-37084

Zoom seleccionado funciona en los cuadros en dibujos

  • Antes, el comandoZoom seleccionado en los dibujos no funcionaba para los cuadros. Esto se ha implementado. Puede seleccionar más de un cuadro.

    TTSD-37293, TTSD-22237

Aumento de la precisión de línea curvada en los modelos de referencia

  • La precisión de las líneas curvadas en los modelos de referencia se ha incrementado y ahora el número de segmentos en las curvas se ha multiplicado por cuatro. Antes, las líneas curvadas a veces se convertían en conjuntos de líneas rectas después de insertar el modelo de referencia.

    El parámetro LargeTessellationPerCircle del archivo de configuración TrimBimPlugin.config solía estar codificado en 48, ahora el valor por defecto es 192. Si tiene problemas con el rendimiento, puede disminuir el valor en TrimBimPlugin.config, que se encuentra en la carpeta .\bin\referenceplugin\trimbim.

    Esta configuración afecta a todos los nuevos modelos de referencia insertados y actualizados. Para los modelos de referencia existentes, debe borrar el modelo de referencia y volver a insertarlo para utilizar el nuevo valor.

    Esta mejora se aplica a todos los formatos de modelo de referencia.

    TTSD-24946

Los modelos .tekla contienen vertidos, unidades de vertido y mallas

Vertidos y unidades de vertido

Los vertidos y las unidades de vertido ahora se incluyen al cargar el modelo de Tekla Structures en el proyecto de Trimble Connect enlazado como un modelo .tekla. Las propiedades de los vertidos y las unidades de vertido también se incluyen en la carga.

Tenga en cuenta que, para usar vertidos y unidades de vertido en lugar de unidades de colada y partes de unidad de colada en sus modelos .tekla, es necesario activar la gestión de vertidos. Para obtener más información, consulte Activar la gestión de vertidos.

TTSD-39227, TTSD-39228, TTSD-39798

Mallas

Las mallas ahora también se incluyen al cargar el modelo de Tekla Structures en el proyecto de Trimble Connect enlazado como un modelo .tekla.

Limitaciones:

  • las mallas no se muestran en los modelos de superposición

  • las mallas radiales pueden ser ligeramente distintas en los modelos de referencia y en Trimble Connect for Browser en comparación con los modelos de Tekla Structures nativos

TTSD-35911, TTSD-39620

Mejoras en componentes

Componentes de hormigón

  • Bloque cimentación prefabricado (1028)

    En la pestañaPartes, ahora puede utilizar la nueva opciónCrear relleno para crear un relleno entre la columna y el primer bloque creado.

    TSAC-4528

Componentes de acero

  • Unión placa base U.S. (71)

    En la pestañaPartes, ahora puede definir por separado las propiedades de los rigidizadores 3, 6 y los rigidizadores 7, 8.

    TSAC-4119

Correcciones

Número de defecto Área de desarrollo Descripción
TSAC-4366 Concrete components Floor layout: Previously, property strips could in some cases affect slabs that were outside the strip. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4395 Concrete components Floor layout: Property strips now again affect the parts in the main layer only.
 
TSAC-4411 Concrete components Reinforced concrete stair (95): Previously, floor-level profiles could be created in wrong positions or they were not created at all. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4487 Concrete components Pad footing reinforcement (77): The reinforcement is now created properly if you rotate the main part.
TSAC-4530 Concrete components Mesh bars: Cover thickness is now applied correctly. The meshes in the panels no longer depend on the cuts in the panels.
TSAC-4531 Concrete components Corbel reinforcement (81): The component is now created properly in situations where the corbel is smaller than the column.
TSAC-4583 Concrete components Seating with dowel to flange (77), Two sided seating with dowel to flange (78): The bearing pad no longer collides with the column.
TSAC-4622 Concrete components Previously, Wall layout layer swapper components were removed when repairing the model and/or ignored in shared models. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4641 Concrete components Embedded anchor (008): The creation of thickening was not working if the cast unit has some parts under isolation. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4650 Concrete components Reinforced concrete stair (95) : The creation of the last L rebar now works when the No option is used.
TSAC-4655 Concrete components Geometry detailing strip: You can now again use direct modification when editing detailing strips.
TSAC-4679 Concrete components Wall layout T connector: Previously, opening the Wall layout T connector properties from the model could cause Tekla Structures to crash. Now this does not happen anymore.
TSAC-4699 Concrete components Mesh bars by area: The distribution of the negative cover thickness for bars has now been fixed.
TSAC-4700 Concrete components Mesh bars: Cover thickness and hooks are now created correctly for secondary bars.
TSAC-4712 Concrete components Reinforcement mesh array (91): The macro no longer changes the numbering of the created meshes when you modify without changes.
TSAC-4761 Concrete components Rectangular column reinforcement (83): It is now possible to create hooks on cranked bars.
TSAC-4851 Concrete components Corbel connection (14): Fixed crashes when custom components on the column is created.
TSAC-4861 Concrete components Embedded anchors (008): Tekla Structures no longer crashes when editing with the component Embedded anchors (008).
TSAC-3036 Steel components Stiffeners (1034): Previously, the gap between the stiffener and the main part web was incorrectly applied. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4282 Steel components Joist to beam, type 1 (160), Joist to column, type 1 (161), Two sided joist to column (162), Joist to column, type 2 (163), Joist to column and beam (164): The bolt extra length is now correctly applied in the component.
TSAC-4314 Steel components Stub (28): Secondary stiffener default width is now correctly calculated with the advanced option XS_STANDARD_STIFFENER_WIDTH_TOLERANCE.
TSAC-4517 Steel components Welded beam to beam (123): Previously, the notch cut at the bottom flange of the secondary part was not correctly created. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4572 Steel components Gusseted cross (62): Previously, slotted holes for clip angles for the second brace were applied incorrectly in the component. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4590 Steel components Cold rolled sleeved (2): Previously, when it was specified that a sleeve profile should be created as a C profile, the sleeve profile was created incorrectly. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4594 Steel components Portal bracing (105): The default values for welding are now handled correctly.
TSAC-4595 Steel components Web stiffened base plate (1016): You can now define the material of extra plates on the Extra plates tab.
TSAC-4604 Steel components Column splice (132): On the Web bolts tab, you can now separately define the number of bolts and spacing for web bolts in angle profiles.
Image
RN 2020 SP4 Column splice 132 web bolts number space.png
TSAC-4635 Steel components Cold rolled overlap (1): Previously, the bolts connecting the clip angle to the main part were created very far from the component, causing the model graphics to be distorted. This has now been fixed, and the bolts are created in the correct place.
 
TSAC-4637 Steel components Column - 2 beam (14): Previously, plates were created with swapped width and height values. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4640 Steel components Kingspan Standard horizontal cladding support (31): Previously, the prefixes were missing from the diagonal restraints. This has now been fixed.
 
TSAC-4647 Steel components Truss (S78): Vertical beams are new created with the correct profile and correct properties.
TSAC-4763 Steel components Wraparound gusset (58): The bolt assembly option for Brace bolts 1 now works correctly.
TSAC-4770 Steel components Seating (39): Previously, when the primary part and secondary parts were rotated too much, the connection was broken. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4791 Steel components Splice plate 2 (62): Previously, double plates were not bolted. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4809 Steel components Create hole around part (92): Cuts with the exact same shape as the input part are now correctly updated when the input part is moved.
TSAC-4828 Steel components Eaves haunch (102): It is now possible to specify part names.
TTSD-28321 Import, export, interoperability Export drawings to DWG/DXF: The drawing export is now faster when you use complex rules.
TTSD-29715 Import, export, interoperability IFC2x3 export: Radial grids are now exported properly.
TTSD-34846 Import, export, interoperability Reference models: Sometimes inserting a reference model failed because of special characters. All characters below 256 are allowed in a reference model file name: both ASCII (0-127) and extended ASCII (128-255).  If the file name contains unsupported characters, you will get a warning message.
TTSD-35375 Import, export, interoperability IFC4 export: Now the IFC4 export also exports selected objects when Spatial hierarchy from Organizer has been selected. Earlier, all objects were always exported even if you had selected objects. Grids are now included under the building instead of the building storey.
TTSD-38160 Import, export, interoperability IFC object conversion: IFC object conversion can now map a profile to a parametric profile.
TTSD-38879 Import, export, interoperability Reference models: IFC reference model import has been improved to allow broken data if the object geometry data has extra unused points.
TTSD-39252 Import, export, interoperability NC/DSTV: Closing the NC Files export dialog box no longer causes a Tekla Structures application error. 
TTSD-39788 Import, export, interoperability Reference models: Cyrillic characters are now supported in the path and file name.
TTSD-39966 Import, export, interoperability Security of the Tekla Warehouse connection has been improved.
TTSD-39987 Import, export, interoperability UDA values in .tekla models are now displayed correctly in Trimble Connect.
TPLED-189 Templates and reports Template Editor: Template Editor no longer crashes when valuefields with very long rules are copied using the clipboard.
TTSD-34086 Templates and reports Drawing attributes could not be reported through a REBAR row if the row was outputting a rebar set bar. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-38579 Templates and reports Drawing properties can now be reported from a CAST_UNIT row also if the drawing sheet number 0 is used.
TTSD-39652 Templates and reports In some cases, custom properties returning double.Max could cause a Tekla Structures application error. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-40216 Templates and reports Summing duplicate valuefield values in the row combine did not work when the valuefield had a CopyField function in the formula. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4387 Drawings Dimensioning to the nearest edge (Measure from set to Nearest edge) now works correctly also if the main part is filtered away from the view. Previously, the dimension was created to the main part even if the part was invisible.
TSAC-4388 Drawings Shape dimensions now work also when the Measure from setting is set to Part or Filter. Previously, the main part was always included in the dimension line.
TSAC-4551 Drawings Rebar pull-out picture and marking: The output of rebar groups with negative hooks has been fixed. The output in Tekla Structures version 2020 was incorrectly created.
TSAC-4634 Drawings Rebar pull-out picture and marking: The predefined cc target mark supports units, precision, and formatting again.
TSAC-4692 Drawings Rebar pull-out picture and marking: Rebar pull-out picture and marking caused an application error when the model was being numbered. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4697 Drawings Rebar group dimensioning: Dimensioning of rebar groups now works also if the father object is a concrete item.
TTSD-11781 Drawings Hole symbols in drawings are now drawn with a correct size in skewed sections.
TTSD-20766 Drawings Document manager: When you turned off Show changes from checkpoint and changes were listed, and you then chose to create a manual category of those changed documents, but then you just closed the manual category dialog box, the Show changes from checkpoint still turned off and you lost your changes. This has now been fixed so that Show changes from checkpoint stays enabled in this case.
TTSD-23117 Drawings The drawing snapshot overlay caused problems when you tried to save the model. Now the snapshot overlay is closed when you save the model.
TTSD-24134 Drawings If an assembly contained a spiral beam, and a shape dimension rule was chosen for creating a drawing view, the creation and opening of the drawing took a long time, and the dimensions were incorrect. This can no longer happen, because shape dimensions are no longer created for an assembly containing a spiral beam.
TTSD-30046 Drawings Previously in shared models, deleted drawing versions were still shown in the Drawing versions dialog box after the model was written out. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-35243 Drawings The drawing layout was sometimes missing from drawing snapshots. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-35328 Drawings Hidden lines are not visible anymore when zooming out in a drawing when the advanced option XS_USE_SMART_PAN has been turned on.
TTSD-35642 Drawings A drawing view was placed incorrectly after model modification and renumbering. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-37023 Drawings Rebar group rebar dimensions could not be moved after their creation. You can now reposition the rebar dimensions as required.
TTSD-38060 Drawings Drawing part marks are now updated after you modify part profiles in the model.
TTSD-38077, TTSD-39255 Drawings Drawing view level filter properties and dimensioning rules were not working from the XS_PROJECT and XS_FIRM subfolders. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-38402 Drawings Previously the Exclude parts according to filter option changed to None if the Top in form face location was changed. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-38604 Drawings If a drawing had shortening along the Y axis, cloud change marks were also  shortened. This does not happen anymore.
TTSD-38877 Drawings When the distance between points in a rebar dimension is very small (for example, when you dimension closely packed rebars), but the set of equal dimensions is combined into a single dimension, the arrow heads at the ends of dimension lines are now correctly placed inside the combined dimension.
TTSD-39027 Drawings Sometimes Tekla Structures froze when you opened a drawing that contained graphical objects (polygons) with hatches. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39216 Drawings Creating a polyline or a polygon in drawings no longer causes a Tekla Structures application error.
TTSD-39483 Drawings Document manager: Document manager now ensures a default and stable sort order when identical values are encountered. Previously, several rows could have the same sort property values so their position in the document list could be different, depending on the document events and the order the documents were found.
TTSD-39496 Drawings Drawing view properties (.vi) files were not read from XS_PROJECT/XS_FIRM subfolders. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39500 Drawings In some cases, an active drawing command was not correctly finished when you closed the drawing mode, causing crashes and other invalid behavior. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39951 Drawings Moving weld marks from one view to another could break the leader line handles. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39974 Drawings Printing to PDF could fail when the drawing contained symbols that had no width or height defined. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-40340 Drawings Document manager: The Show changes from the checkpoint button does not toggle when the Show all documents button is used. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39034 System and options Previously, shape catalog files were not read correctly from XS_PROJECT or XS_FIRM folder paths that contained semicolons (;). This has now been fixed.
TTSD-30917 Tekla Model Sharing If the value of XS_COLLECT_MODEL_HISTORY is FALSE when you start sharing a model, the Start sharing command will change the value to TRUE automatically. However, previously the Sharing history dialog box did not show the sharing history, even though the value had been changed to TRUE. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-37935 Tekla Model Sharing Previously, start sharing and write out could sometimes fail if the temporary packet creation file was locked by another application, a virus scanner, for example. This has now been fixed.
 
TTSD-38578 Tekla Model Sharing

A new Add button has been added to the Convert to multi-user model dialog box, so that you can easily add a new multi-user server name to the server list when you are converting a single-user model to a multi-user model.

Image
image.png

TTSD-38820 Tekla Model Sharing Previously, when inviting users to a shared model in the Start sharing dialog box, the email addresses that had capital letters were temporarily shown as duplicated in the list of users until you reopened the dialog box. There were also issues in receiving email invitations to the model. Now this has been fixed.
TTSD-36730 Reinforcement Previously, WEIGHT_TOTAL gave slightly different values for rebar sets in drawings and in reports. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-38392 Reinforcement In non-parallel tapered curved rebar groups, overlapping legs were in some cases not offset perpendicular to the bar plane. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4666 Modeling The Tekla Warehouse tag for formwork placing tools has been changed to FormworkPlacingSetup.
Tagging the Tekla Warehouse content appropriately helps the user to easily find and take the content into use.
TTSD-26408 Modeling It is now again possible to bind multiple weld handles at the same time.
TTSD-31138 Modeling Previously, diagnosing and repairing the model sometimes deleted valid parts of custom components when deleting incomplete parts. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-35634 Modeling Snapping to intersections has been improved. Previously, snapping could find incorrect intersections.
TTSD-36060 Modeling Previously, the model database could get very large because some object phases were not deleted when an object was deleted. Now diagnosing and repairing the model removes these phases and and reports Obsolete object phase row found.
TTSD-37338 Modeling Bolt group lists now support more characters.
TTSD-38648, TTSD-39096, TTSD-39705, TTSD-37163, TTSD-39015 Modeling Previously, the construction arc and construction circle creation commands did not follow the snapping depth (Plane/3D/Auto) and snapping plane type (View/Work). This raised several issues, in particular:
  • When creating construction circles by center point and radius in the plan view, the circles were created at different elevations depending on the start point.
  • When creating construction circles by three points on the plan views, the command snapped to points on objects, causing the resulting circles to be out of the plan views.
These issues have now been fixed. The construction arc and circle commands now follow the snapping depth and snapping plane type.
TTSD-38833 Modeling Status bar messages for geometry editing have been improved. 
TTSD-39025 Modeling Direct modification was not working when using the concrete item command, so the preview and the placing tool were not visible. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39125 Modeling Previously, moving a part with edge chamfers and welds could cause Tekla Structures to crash. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39480 Modeling Previously, in some rare cases, Tekla Structures could crash when moving objects. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39520 Modeling View level filters (.vf) files were not read from XS_PROJECT/XS_FIRM subfolders. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39655 Modeling When you modify the shape of an item in the property pane and at the same time delete the shape of that item from the shape catalog, the property pane now notifies you that you cannot modify the item as shape does not exist.
TTSD-39882 Modeling Previously, Tekla Structures sometimes created unnecessary horizontal lines in the user-defined attributes dialog box. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39962 Modeling Previously, negative imperial units were added together in the Move - Linear dialog box, for example. When you entered -3-5, Tekla Structures interpreted it as -8" instead of 3'-5". This has now been fixed.
TTSD-40397 Modeling Rebar sets: The hard-coded leg connection tolerance has been changed from 0.001 mm to 1 mm so that small inaccuracies in the leg faces do not prevent the legs from being connected to form one bar.
TTSD-25375 Licensing

Administrators can now set a registry setting so that the license expiry messages will not be seen by users. This can help in situations where overnight processing is run using Tekla Structures - the overnight processing is not impacted when licenses have less than 1 month until the expiry.
For detailed information, see How to disable pop-up messages about the license expires.

TTSD-38187 Installation When installing a .tsep package that is not compatible with any of the Tekla Structures versions on your computer, Tekla Structures extension manager now displays a message about the situation and shows a list of the Tekla Structures versions that the extension is compatible with.
TTSD-40297 Core Security fix for the parsing of the environment file profitab.inp
TSAC-3371 Tools and components In Automatic Splicing Tool, a rebar group of two bars can now be correctly split and spliced and regrouped.
TSAC-4174 Tools and components Layout manager: In some rare cases, there was an error when you tried to rename a layout line that was related to a deleted layout point. This has now been fixed. 
TSAC-4658 Tools and components Layout manager: Previously, when you had the Layout manager Settings dialog box open, Layout manager was not automatically closed when you closed Tekla Structures. This has now been fixed.
 
TTSD-19052 Tools and components The profile database file profdb.bin is no longer unnecessarily created in the model folder when importing custom components.
TTSD-37191 Tools and components Secondary parts in custom components (in case of a detail joint) are now handled correctly, and the settings for nested components are no longer reset when modifying the parent component.
TTSD-38589 Tools and components When opening the custom component editor, Tekla Structures now asks whether to update the custom component to the current version of the component. The message is shown if Tekla Structures cannot find the custom component version. This can happen if the custom component has been created with an earlier Tekla Structures version.
TTSD-39163 Tools and components Tekla Structures no longer crashes when trying to open a custom component dialog box in the model.
 
TTSD-39559 Tools and components When working with surface treatment inside custom components, each time a custom component was edited or copied, the surface treatment definition points were inserted into the new component twice. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-9404 Tools and components Previously, UDA equations could temporarily disappear in the Custom component browser. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-24536 Numbering Previously, when numbering the model, clicking Cancel in the numbering report could reset any custom setting in some dialog boxes opened from the ribbon, for example, in dialog boxes under Numbering settings and Drawing properties. This has now been fixed.  
TTSD-38106 Numbering Reinforcing bar numbers are no longer shown as modified if you change the phase while the XS_​ENABLE_​PHASE_​OPTION_​IN_​NUMBERING advanced option is set to FALSE.
TTSD-21871 User interface Previously, Tekla Structures crashed when the main Tekla Structures window was minimized while another Tekla Structures dialog box was maximized. The crash happened when using multiple displays. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-38182 User interface Previously, in some models, opening model views could cause Tekla Structures to crash. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39501 User interface Previously, when the property pane option Set default values automatically was not selected, applying values from a property file affected some properties that were not selected in the property pane. This has now been fixed.
TTSD-39640 User interface Tekla Structures no longer crashes when using the arrow keys to move up and down in the list of models. Previously, Tekla Structures could crash when there were so many models that all of them could not fit in the window at the same time.
TTSD-39838 User interface Previously, in the traditional properties dialog box for a contour plate, the Modify button also applied the values. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4461 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export EliPLAN file (68): Previously, when exporting an element with notches at the start and at the end of the element, the coordinates of embeds inside the element were sometimes exported incorrectly. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4693 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export Unitechnik (79): Previously, the file name extension could not be used to populate a data field with the ''file name section" option. This has now been added, with the number 6 presenting this sixth file name section.
TSAC-4694 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export Unitechnik (79): The cast unit position and cast unit number used in the SLABDATE block are now read from the cast unit main part for both shells of the double wall.
TSAC-4709 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export Unitechnik (79): Tekla Structures now gives a warning message when a double wall shell is set to be turned, but it fails due to the shell being wider than the pallet width. Respectively, a warning is also given when the pallet width has not been specified.
TSAC-4740 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export Unitechnik (79): You can now specify how the SLABDATE maximum part length and width are exported by using the Maximum dimensions setting on the SLABDATE block data tab.
The options are:
  • Main part bounding box (default) - Checks the main part geometry, same as before

  • Cast unit bounding box - Checks the entire cast unit geometry, including all protruding embeds

  • Scanned contour - Checks all contour polygons

  • Scanned all parts - Checks all contour and embed polygons

TSAC-4766 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export Unitechnik (79): The line attribute override functionality has been expanded, and now it is possible to limit the override to specific cases using the setting Override scanned line attributes. The options are All, Rotated, Not rotated, First shell and Second shell. The first option affects the 3 override settings above, and the second option affects the 3 settings below.
TSAC-4810 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export ELiPLAN file (68): When irregular cutouts exceeding the contour consist of multiple polygonal cuts, the amount of the exported plotting lines is now optimized.
TSAC-4814 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) EliPLAN Export (68): Previously, revision marks were sometimes not exported for other objects than hollow core slabs. This has now been fixed.
TSAC-4815 Import, export, interoperability (concrete) Export Unitechnik export (79): For double walls, a different modeling method and the cast unit hierarchy caused that not all panels were correctly handled in the export. This has now been fixed.
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