Column properties
When a column is selected, its properties are
displayed in the Properties window.
- 'General' properties apply to the whole column.
- 'All stacks' properties are used to rapidly define the same properties for all column stacks.
- Individual 'Stack' properties are used to over-ride 'All stacks' properties.
- 'Level' properties are used to specify properties that apply at specific floor levels.
The displayed properties are described below for each of the available material types.
Steel column properties
General properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | The automatically generated name. |
| User Name | Can be used to override the automatically generated name if required. |
| Group | The name of the group to which the member belongs. See: Concrete beam and column groups , Steel member design groups |
| Top Level | Specifies the top level for the column. |
| Base Level | Specifies the bottom level for the column. |
| Plane | Indicates the Frame when the column has been placed in a Frame View. |
| Characteristic | Column |
| Material type | Steel |
|
Construction, Fabrication |
The available construction and fabrication options depend on the characteristic and material type selected, see Member characteristic, construction and fabrication properties |
| Autodesign | |
| Design section order [Only displayed when 'Autodesign' is selected] |
The design order file from which a section size will be selected. For details of managing order files, see: Manage design section orders |
| Gravity only | When selected, the member is designed for gravity combinations only. When unselected, the member is designed for gravity and lateral combinations. |
|
Rotation |
Rotation of the column about its local x axis. Note: For a
vertical column:
|
| Major snap level, Minor snap level, |
Define the major and minor alignment of the member relative to the insertion point. |
| Major offset, Minor offset |
Used to offset the member from the snap point in the major and minor axis. |
| Assume extra floors supported | Enter the number of extra floors supported. |
| Simple column | See: Simple columns |
Stack properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Section | The section size |
| Grade | Steel grade |
| Face A cont. rest., Face C cont. rest. |
Indicates continuous restraint to Face A and/or Face
C. See: Restraints |
| Releases | |
| Fixity Top, Fixity Bottom |
See: Column releases |
| Cantilever end top, Cantilever end bottom, [Only displayed for top and bottom individual stacks] |
Cantilever ends can be applied to the top or bottom
stacks as required. When applied, all 6 degrees of freedom
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) are fixed at both ends of the
stack. See: Column releases |
| Axial load release top | An axial (Fx) release is only allowed at the top of the column. See: Column releases |
| Torsional load release top, Torsional load release bottom |
Check one end only to define a torsional release. See: Column releases |
| Wind loading | |
| Apply open structure wind load |
Select this flag if you want open structure wind loads to be calculated. |
| Shape factor, Cf | The default shape factor varies according to the entity
type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading >
Wind Loading Default Cf factors are taken from the document ‘Wind Loads For Petrochemical And Other Industrial Facilities’ published by ASCE. |
| Effective area XY | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Effective area XZ | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Splice [Only displayed for individual stacks above stack 1] |
|
| Splice, Splice offset |
Used to indicate a splice at the bottom of a stack, and the offset above the floor level. |
| Size constraints | |
| Max depth, Min depth, Max width, Min width |
Size Constraints are only applicable when Autodesign is checked. They allow you to ensure that the sections that Tekla Structural Designer proposes match any particular size constraints you may have. |
| Instability factor | |
| Prevent out of plane instability | Define if out of plane stability is prevented. See: Instability factor |
| Sway and drift checks | |
| Merge with stack below |
Columns are divided into stacks and walls are divided into panels at floor levels where members or slabs connect to the column/wall. For the purposes of Sway/Drift, Wind Drift and Seismic Drift checks only you can override the default stack/panel divisions by merging a stack/panel with a lower stack/panel. The length of the combined stack/panel is then used in the checks. |
| Sway/Seismic drift checks |
By default all stacks of all columns are taken into account in the calculation to determine the sway sensitivity of the building. The results of this calculation being accessed from the Review toolbar. This parameter provides a facility to exclude particular column stacks from these calculations to avoid spurious results associated with very small stack lengths. You can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Wind drift check, Wind drift ratio |
Wind drift is automatically checked against the specified limiting ratio, (which can be set differently for different columns). The results of this calculation are accessed from the Review toolbar. If you don’t want this check to be performed you can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Seismic | |
| In a seismic force resisting system |
If this is the case, select the checkbox, and then specify the SFRS direction and type. Note: Design of members in seismic force resisting
systems is only supported for the ACI/AISC Head Code
in the current release.
|
|
Shear demand/shear capacity ratio in Dir 1 Shear demand/shear capacity ratio in Dir 2 [Only displayed for ASCE 7] |
When working to the ASCE 7, the engineer can directly define the shear demand / capacity ratio (beta) in each direction. The default value of 1.0 could be over-conservative. The setting is applicable to all years of the ASCE 7 code and has the following default and limits: Default = 1; Min = 0.001; Max = 10. |
| Utilization ratio | |
| Apply (to autodesign) |
Selected - When an Autodesign is performed, the design will be incremented to achieve a utilization ratio less than the ratio limit. Unselected - When an Autodesign is performed, the design will be incremented to achieve a utilization ratio less than 1.0. |
| Apply (to check) |
Selected - When a Check is performed, the check will pass provided the utilization ratio is less than the ratio limit. Unselected - When a Check is performed, the check will pass provided the utilization ratio is less than 1.0. |
| Ratio limit | The utilization ratio against which the autodesign or check is performed (when applied above). |
| Fire proofing | |
| Protected |
|
| Exposure | Exposed on all sides |
| UDA | |
|
Name Finish Class Phase Note File |
A customizable list of the attributes that can be applied to individual members and panels. |
Level properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Live [ACI/AISC], Imposed [Other codes] Load reduction | |
|
KLL [Only displayed for ACI/AISC regional code] |
Specify the KLL factor in accordance with Table 4-2 in ASCE 7-05/ASCE 7-10. |
|
Count the floor as being supported [Only displayed for Eurocode, BS or IS regional codes] |
If checked, the floor will be treated as supported when calculating the imposed load reductions. |
| Eccentricity | |
|
Apply face A eccentricity, etc. |
|
Concrete column properties
General properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | The automatically generated name. |
| User Name | Can be used to override the automatically generated name if required. |
| Group | The name of the group to which the member belongs. |
| Top Level | Specifies the top level for the column. |
| Base Level | Specifies the bottom level for the column. |
| Plane | Indicates the Frame when the column has been placed in a Frame View. |
| Characteristic | Column |
| Material type | Concrete |
|
Construction, Fabrication |
The available construction and fabrication options depend on the characteristic and material type selected, see Member characteristic, construction and fabrication properties |
| Autodesign | |
| Select bars starting from |
This
option controls the starting point for auto-design
procedures and is therefore only displayed if Automatic
design is ‘on’. It applies to both longitudinal bars and links.
|
| Gravity only |
When selected, the member is designed for gravity combinations only. When unselected, the member is designed for gravity and lateral combinations. |
|
Rotation |
Rotation of the column about its local x axis. Note: For a
vertical column:
|
| Assume extra floors supported | Enter the number of extra floors supported. |
Stack properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Section | The section size |
| Concrete type, | While you can apply both normal and lightweight concrete, wall design using lightweight concrete is currently beyond scope. |
| Concrete class [Eurocode], Grade [Other codes] | Specifies the concrete class [Eurocode], Grade [Other codes]. |
| Concrete density class [Eurocode only] |
For lightweight concrete only, specifies the density class. |
| Alignment | |
| Major snap level, Minor snap level, |
Define the major and minor alignment of the member relative to the insertion point. |
| Major offset, Minor offset |
Used to offset the member from the snap point in the major and minor axis. |
| Releases | |
| Fixity Top, Fixity Bottom |
See: Column releases |
| Cantilever end top, Cantilever end bottom, [Only displayed for top and bottom individual stacks] |
Cantilever ends can be applied to the top or bottom
stacks as required. When applied, all 6 degrees of freedom
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) are fixed at both ends of the
stack. See: Column releases |
| Wind loading | |
| Apply open structure wind load |
Select this flag if you want open structure wind loads to be calculated. |
| Shape factor, Cf | The default shape factor varies according to the entity type and is taken from
Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading
Default Cf factors are taken from the document ‘Wind Loads For Petrochemical And Other Industrial Facilities’ published by ASCE. |
| Effective area XY | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Effective area XZ | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Analysis & design control | |
| Apply rigid zones | Unless cleared, rigid zones are automatically created at the connection between the column and any connecting beams. |
| Assume cracked |
Assuming concrete sections are cracked has a direct affect on the analysis; smaller Modification Factors are applied to cracked sections causing an increase in deflection. Indirectly the design can also be affected because the sway/drift sensitivity calculations are also influenced by this assumption. See: Cracked, partially cracked, and uncracked concrete members |
| Design parameters [Only displayed for the Eurocode regional code] |
|
|
Permanent load ratio option Relative humidity (RH) Age of loading |
You are required to supply a value for the permanent load ratio parameter. A default of 0.65 has been assumed, but you are advised to consider if this is appropriate and adjust as necessary. Age of loading is the age at which loading is applied. |
| Confinement reinforcement | |
| Provide support regions |
• Checked - confinement reinforcement is designed separately in three regions. • Cleared - the same confinement reinforcement is designed for the whole stack. |
| Slenderness | |
|
Direction 1, Direction 2 |
• Braced • Bracing |
|
Direction 1 effective length factor, Direction 2 effective length factor |
• Calculated • User input value |
| Stiffness | |
| Use slab for calculation upper, lower |
For the unrestrained length calculation: • if a slab exists at a panel end, it can be ignored by unchecking the relevant box. • If no slab exists at that end, the setting is redundant - in which case the program considers the setting at the remote end of the next panel instead. See: Stiffness |
| Sway and drift checks | |
| Merge with stack below |
Columns are divided into stacks and walls are divided into panels at floor levels where members or slabs connect to the column/wall. For the purposes of Sway/Drift, Wind Drift and Seismic Drift checks only you can override the default stack/panel divisions by merging a stack/panel with a lower stack/panel. The length of the combined stack/panel is then used in the checks. |
| Sway/Seismic drift checks |
By default all stacks of all columns are taken into account in the calculation to determine the sway sensitivity of the building. The results of this calculation being accessed from the Review toolbar. This parameter provides a facility to exclude particular column stacks from these calculations to avoid spurious results associated with very small stack lengths. You can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Wind drift check, Wind drift ratio |
Wind drift is automatically checked against the specified limiting ratio, (which can be set differently for different columns). The results of this calculation are accessed from the Review toolbar. If you don’t want this check to be performed you can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Nominal cover | The nominal concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete surface (including links and surface reinforcement where relevant) and the nearest concrete surface. |
| Seismic | |
| In a seismic force resisting system |
If this is the case, select the checkbox, and then specify the SFRS direction and type. Note: Design of members in seismic force resisting
systems is only supported for the ACI/AISC Head Code
in the current release.
|
|
Shear demand/shear capacity ratio in Dir 1 Shear demand/shear capacity ratio in Dir 2 [Only displayed for the ASCE 7 code] |
When working to the ASCE 7, the engineer can directly define the shear demand / capacity ratio (beta) in each direction. The default value of 1.0 could be over-conservative. The setting is applicable to all years of the ASCE 7 code and has the following default and limits: Default = 1; Min = 0.001; Max = 10. |
| Utilization ratio | |
| Apply (to autodesign) |
Selected - When an Autodesign is performed, the design will be incremented to achieve a utilization ratio less than the ratio limit. Unselected - When an Autodesign is performed, the design will be incremented to achieve a utilization ratio less than 1.0. |
| Apply (to check) |
Selected - When a Check is performed, the check will pass provided the utilization ratio is less than the ratio limit. Unselected - When a Check is performed, the check will pass provided the utilization ratio is less than 1.0. |
| Ratio limit | The utilization ratio against which the autodesign or check is performed (when applied above). |
| Fire proofing | |
| Protected |
|
| Exposure | Exposed on all sides |
| UDA | |
|
Name Finish Class Phase Note File |
A customizable list of the attributes that can be applied to individual members and panels. |
| Reinforcement | |
| Rib type - vertical, Class - vertical | Specifies the vertical reinforcement properties |
| Rib type - link/confinement, Class - link/confinement | Specifies the link/confinement properties. |
Reinforcement
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Rib type - vertical, Class - vertical | Specifies the vertical reinforcement properties |
| Rib type - link/confinement, Class - link/confinement | Specifies the link/confinement properties. |
Level properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Live [ACI/AISC], Imposed [Other codes] Load reduction | |
|
KLL [Only displayed for ACI/AISC regional code] |
Specify the KLL factor in accordance with Table 4-2 in ASCE 7-05/ASCE 7-10. |
|
Count the floor as being supported [Only displayed for Eurocode, BS or IS regional codes] |
If checked, the floor will be treated as supported when calculating the imposed load reductions. |
| Eccentricity [Only displayed when fabrication is Precast] |
|
|
Apply face A eccentricity, etc. |
|
Timber column properties
General properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | The automatically generated name. |
| User Name | Can be used to override the automatically generated name if required. |
| Group | The name of the group to which the member belongs. |
| Top Level | Specifies the top level for the column. |
| Base Level | Specifies the bottom level for the column. |
| Plane | Indicates the Frame when the column has been placed in a Frame View. |
| Characteristic | Column |
| Material type | Timber |
|
Construction, Fabrication |
The available construction and fabrication options depend on the characteristic and material type selected, see Member characteristic, construction and fabrication properties |
| Gravity only | When selected, the member is designed for gravity combinations only. When unselected, the member is designed for gravity and lateral combinations. |
|
Rotation |
Rotation of the column about its local x axis. Note: For a
vertical column:
|
| Major snap level, Minor snap level, |
Define the major and minor alignment of the member relative to the insertion point. |
| Major offset, Minor offset |
Used to offset the member from the snap point in the major and minor axis. |
| Assume extra floors supported | Enter the number of extra floors supported. |
Stack properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Section | The section size |
| Grade | Timber grade |
| Releases | |
| Fixity Top, Fixity Bottom |
See: Column releases |
| Cantilever end top, Cantilever end bottom, [Only displayed for top and bottom individual stacks] |
Cantilever ends can be applied to the top or bottom
stacks as required. When applied, all 6 degrees of freedom
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) are fixed at both ends of the
stack. See: Column releases |
| Axial load release top | An axial (Fx) release is only allowed at the top of the
column. See: Column releases |
| Torsional load release top, Torsional load release bottom |
Check one end only to define a torsional release.
See: Column releases |
| Wind loading | |
| Apply open structure wind load |
Select this flag if you want open structure wind loads to be calculated. |
| Shape factor, Cf | The default shape factor varies according to the entity
type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading >
Wind Loading Default Cf factors are taken from the document ‘Wind Loads For Petrochemical And Other Industrial Facilities’ published by ASCE. |
| Effective area XY | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Effective area XZ | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Splice [Only displayed for individual stacks above stack 1] |
|
| Splice, Splice offset |
Used to indicate a splice at the bottom of a stack, and the offset above the floor level. |
| Instability factor | |
| Prevent out of plane instability | Define if out of plane stability is prevented. See: Instability factor |
| Sway and drift checks | |
| Merge with stack below |
Columns are divided into stacks and walls are divided into panels at floor levels where members or slabs connect to the column/wall. For the purposes of Sway/Drift, Wind Drift and Seismic Drift checks only you can override the default stack/panel divisions by merging a stack/panel with a lower stack/panel. The length of the combined stack/panel is then used in the checks. |
| Sway/Seismic drift checks |
By default all stacks of all columns are taken into account in the calculation to determine the sway sensitivity of the building. The results of this calculation being accessed from the Review toolbar. This parameter provides a facility to exclude particular column stacks from these calculations to avoid spurious results associated with very small stack lengths. You can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Wind drift check, Wind drift ratio |
Wind drift is automatically checked against the specified limiting ratio, (which can be set differently for different columns). The results of this calculation are accessed from the Review toolbar. If you don’t want this check to be performed you can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Fire proofing | |
| Protected |
|
| Exposure | Exposed on all sides |
| UDA | |
|
Name Finish Class Phase Note File |
A customizable list of the attributes that can be applied to individual members and panels. |
Level properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Live [ACI/AISC], Imposed [Other codes] Load reduction | |
|
KLL [Only displayed for ACI/AISC regional code] |
Specify the KLL factor in accordance with Table 4-2 in ASCE 7-05/ASCE 7-10. |
General column properties
General properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | The automatically generated name. |
| User Name | Can be used to override the automatically generated name if required. |
| Group | The name of the group to which the member belongs. |
| Top Level | Specifies the top level for the column. |
| Base Level | Specifies the bottom level for the column. |
| Plane | Indicates the Frame when the column has been placed in a Frame View. |
| Characteristic | Column |
| Material type | Timber |
|
Construction, Fabrication |
The available construction and fabrication options depend on the characteristic and material type selected, see Member characteristic, construction and fabrication properties |
| Gravity only | When selected, the member is designed for gravity combinations only. When unselected, the member is designed for gravity and lateral combinations. |
|
Rotation |
Rotation of the column about its local x axis. Note: For a
vertical column:
|
Stack properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Section | The section size |
| Grade | General material grade |
| Alignment | |
| Major snap level, Minor snap level, |
Define the major and minor alignment of the member relative to the insertion point. |
| Major offset, Minor offset |
Used to offset the member from the snap point in the major and minor axis. |
| Releases | |
| Fixity Top, Fixity Bottom |
See: Column releases |
| Cantilever end top, Cantilever end bottom, [Only displayed for top and bottom individual stacks] |
Cantilever ends can be applied to the top or bottom
stacks as required. When applied, all 6 degrees of freedom
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) are fixed at both ends of the
stack. See: Column releases |
| Axial load release top | An axial (Fx) release is only allowed at the top of the
column. See: Column releases |
| Torsional load release top, Torsional load release bottom |
Check one end only to define a torsional release.
See: Column releases |
| Wind loading | |
| Apply open structure wind load |
Select this flag if you want open structure wind loads to be calculated. |
| Shape factor, Cf | The default shape factor varies according to the entity
type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading >
Wind Loading Default Cf factors are taken from the document ‘Wind Loads For Petrochemical And Other Industrial Facilities’ published by ASCE. |
| Effective area XY | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Effective area XZ | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Instability factor | |
| Prevent out of plane instability | Define if out of plane stability is prevented. See: Instability factor |
| Sway and drift checks | |
| Merge with stack below |
Columns are divided into stacks and walls are divided into panels at floor levels where members or slabs connect to the column/wall. For the purposes of Sway/Drift, Wind Drift and Seismic Drift checks only you can override the default stack/panel divisions by merging a stack/panel with a lower stack/panel. The length of the combined stack/panel is then used in the checks. |
| Sway/Seismic drift checks |
By default all stacks of all columns are taken into account in the calculation to determine the sway sensitivity of the building. The results of this calculation being accessed from the Review toolbar. This parameter provides a facility to exclude particular column stacks from these calculations to avoid spurious results associated with very small stack lengths. You can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Wind drift check, Wind drift ratio |
Wind drift is automatically checked against the specified limiting ratio, (which can be set differently for different columns). The results of this calculation are accessed from the Review toolbar. If you don’t want this check to be performed you can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Fire proofing | |
| Protected |
|
| Exposure | Exposed on all sides |
| UDA | |
|
Name Finish Class Phase Note File |
A customizable list of the attributes that can be applied to individual members and panels. |
Level properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Live [ACI/AISC], Imposed [Other codes] Load reduction | |
|
KLL [Only displayed for ACI/AISC regional code] |
Specify the KLL factor in accordance with Table 4-2 in ASCE 7-05/ASCE 7-10. |
Cold Formed column properties
General properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | The automatically generated name. |
| User Name | Can be used to override the automatically generated name if required. |
| Group | The name of the group to which the member belongs. |
| Top Level | Specifies the top level for the column. |
| Base Level | Specifies the bottom level for the column. |
| Plane | Indicates the Frame when the column has been placed in a Frame View. |
| Characteristic | Column |
| Material type | Steel |
|
Construction, Fabrication |
The available construction and fabrication options depend on the characteristic and material type selected, see Member characteristic, construction and fabrication properties |
| Autodesign | |
| Design section order [Only displayed when 'Autodesign' is selected] |
The design order file from which a section size will be selected. For details of managing order files, see: Manage design section orders |
| Gravity only | When selected, the member is designed for gravity combinations only. When unselected, the member is designed for gravity and lateral combinations. |
|
Rotation |
Rotation of the column about its local x axis. Note: For a
vertical column:
|
| Major snap level, Minor snap level, |
Define the major and minor alignment of the member relative to the insertion point. |
| Major offset, Minor offset |
Used to offset the member from the snap point in the major and minor axis. |
| Assume extra floors supported | Enter the number of extra floors supported. |
| Simple column | See: Simple columns |
Stack properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Section | The section size |
| Grade | Cold formed steel grade |
| Face A cont. rest., Face C cont. rest. (steel only) |
Indicates continuous restraint to Face A and/or Face
C. See: Restraints |
| Releases | |
| Fixity Top, Fixity Bottom |
See: Column releases |
| Cantilever end top, Cantilever end bottom, [Only displayed for top and bottom individual stacks] |
Cantilever ends can be applied to the top or bottom
stacks as required. When applied, all 6 degrees of freedom
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) are fixed at both ends of the
stack. See: Column releases |
| Axial load release top | An axial (Fx) release is only allowed at the top of the
column. See: Column releases |
| Torsional load release top, Torsional load release bottom |
Check one end only to define a torsional release.
See: Column releases |
| Wind loading | |
| Apply open structure wind load |
Select this flag if you want open structure wind loads to be calculated. |
| Shape factor, Cf | The default shape factor varies according to the entity
type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading >
Wind Loading Default Cf factors are taken from the document ‘Wind Loads For Petrochemical And Other Industrial Facilities’ published by ASCE. |
| Effective area XY | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Effective area XZ | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Splice [Only displayed for individual stacks above stack 1] |
|
| Splice, Splice offset |
Used to indicate a splice at the bottom of a stack, and the offset above the floor level. |
| Size constraints | |
| Max depth, Min depth, Max width, Min width |
Size Constraints are only applicable when Autodesign is checked. They allow you to ensure that the sections that Tekla Structural Designer proposes match any particular size constraints you may have. |
| Instability factor | |
| Prevent out of plane instability | Define if out of plane stability is prevented. See: Instability factor |
| Sway and drift checks | |
| Merge with stack below |
Columns are divided into stacks and walls are divided into panels at floor levels where members or slabs connect to the column/wall. For the purposes of Sway/Drift, Wind Drift and Seismic Drift checks only you can override the default stack/panel divisions by merging a stack/panel with a lower stack/panel. The length of the combined stack/panel is then used in the checks. |
| Sway/Seismic drift checks |
By default all stacks of all columns are taken into account in the calculation to determine the sway sensitivity of the building. The results of this calculation being accessed from the Review toolbar. This parameter provides a facility to exclude particular column stacks from these calculations to avoid spurious results associated with very small stack lengths. You can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Wind drift check, Wind drift ratio |
Wind drift is automatically checked against the specified limiting ratio, (which can be set differently for different columns). The results of this calculation are accessed from the Review toolbar. If you don’t want this check to be performed you can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Seismic | |
| In a seismic force resisting system |
If this is the case, select the checkbox, and then specify the SFRS direction and type. Note: Design of members in seismic force resisting
systems is only supported for the ACI/AISC Head Code
in the current release.
|
|
Shear demand/shear capacity ratio in Dir 1 Shear demand/shear capacity ratio in Dir 2 [Only displayed for ASCE 7] |
When working to the ASCE 7, the engineer can directly define the shear demand / capacity ratio (beta) in each direction. The default value of 1.0 could be over-conservative. The setting is applicable to all years of the ASCE 7 code and has the following default and limits: Default = 1; Min = 0.001; Max = 10. |
| Utilization ratio | |
| Apply (to autodesign) |
Selected - When an Autodesign is performed, the design will be incremented to achieve a utilization ratio less than the ratio limit. Unselected - When an Autodesign is performed, the design will be incremented to achieve a utilization ratio less than 1.0. |
| Apply (to check) |
Selected - When a Check is performed, the check will pass provided the utilization ratio is less than the ratio limit. Unselected - When a Check is performed, the check will pass provided the utilization ratio is less than 1.0. |
| Ratio limit | The utilization ratio against which the autodesign or check is performed (when applied above). |
| Fire proofing | |
| Protected |
|
| Exposure | Exposed on all sides |
| UDA | |
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Name Finish Class Phase Note File |
A customizable list of the attributes that can be applied to individual members and panels. |
Level properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Live [ACI/AISC], Imposed [Other codes] Load reduction | |
|
KLL [Only displayed for ACI/AISC regional code] |
Specify the KLL factor in accordance with Table 4-2 in ASCE 7-05/ASCE 7-10. |
|
Count the floor as being supported [Only displayed for Eurocode, BS or IS regional codes] |
If checked, the floor will be treated as supported when calculating the imposed load reductions. |
| Eccentricity | |
|
Apply face A eccentricity, etc. |
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Cold rolled column properties
General properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | The automatically generated name. |
| User Name | Can be used to override the automatically generated name if required. |
| Group | The name of the group to which the member belongs. |
| Top Level | Specifies the top level for the column. |
| Base Level | Specifies the bottom level for the column. |
| Plane | Indicates the Frame when the column has been placed in a Frame View. |
| Characteristic | Column |
| Material type | Timber |
|
Construction, Fabrication |
The available construction and fabrication options depend on the characteristic and material type selected, see Member characteristic, construction and fabrication properties |
| Gravity only | When selected, the member is designed for gravity combinations only. When unselected, the member is designed for gravity and lateral combinations. |
|
Rotation |
Rotation of the column about its local x axis. Note: For a
vertical column:
|
| Major snap level, Minor snap level, |
Define the major and minor alignment of the member relative to the insertion point. |
| Major offset, Minor offset |
Used to offset the member from the snap point in the major and minor axis. |
| Assume extra floors supported | Enter the number of extra floors supported. |
Stack properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Section | The section size |
| Grade | Cold rolled steel grade |
| Face A cont. rest., Face C cont. rest. (steel only) |
Indicates continuous restraint to Face A and/or Face
C. See: Restraints |
| Releases | |
| Fixity Top, Fixity Bottom |
See: Column releases |
| Cantilever end top, Cantilever end bottom, [Only displayed for top and bottom individual stacks] |
Cantilever ends can be applied to the top or bottom
stacks as required. When applied, all 6 degrees of freedom
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) are fixed at both ends of the
stack. See: Column releases |
| Axial load release top | An axial (Fx) release is only allowed at the top of the
column. See: Column releases |
| Torsional load release top, Torsional load release bottom |
Check one end only to define a torsional release.
See: Column releases |
| Wind loading | |
| Apply open structure wind load |
Select this flag if you want open structure wind loads to be calculated. |
| Shape factor, Cf | The default shape factor varies according to the entity
type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading >
Wind Loading Default Cf factors are taken from the document ‘Wind Loads For Petrochemical And Other Industrial Facilities’ published by ASCE. |
| Effective area XY | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Effective area XZ | |
| Formula | The default effective area formula varies according to the entity type and is taken from Model Settings > Loading > Wind Loading |
| Factor | The factor used in the above formula can be edited if required. |
| Instability factor | |
| Prevent out of plane instability | Define if out of plane stability is prevented. See: Instability factor |
| Sway and drift checks | |
| Merge with stack below |
Columns are divided into stacks and walls are divided into panels at floor levels where members or slabs connect to the column/wall. For the purposes of Sway/Drift, Wind Drift and Seismic Drift checks only you can override the default stack/panel divisions by merging a stack/panel with a lower stack/panel. The length of the combined stack/panel is then used in the checks. |
| Sway/Seismic drift checks |
By default all stacks of all columns are taken into account in the calculation to determine the sway sensitivity of the building. The results of this calculation being accessed from the Review toolbar. This parameter provides a facility to exclude particular column stacks from these calculations to avoid spurious results associated with very small stack lengths. You can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Wind drift check, Wind drift ratio |
Wind drift is automatically checked against the specified limiting ratio, (which can be set differently for different columns). The results of this calculation are accessed from the Review toolbar. If you don’t want this check to be performed you can either clear the checkbox located under ‘All Stacks’ to exclude the entire column, or you can exclude a particular stack by clearing the checkbox located under that stack only. |
| Fire proofing | |
| Protected |
|
| Exposure | Exposed on all sides |
| UDA | |
|
Name Finish Class Phase Note File |
A customizable list of the attributes that can be applied to individual members and panels. |
Level properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Live [ACI/AISC], Imposed [Other codes] Load reduction | |
|
KLL [Only displayed for ACI/AISC regional code] |
Specify the KLL factor in accordance with Table 4-2 in ASCE 7-05/ASCE 7-10. |