Mesh type and size guidelines for FE walls
When creating walls, you first have to choose whether to use the mid-pier or meshed modeling option. Since mid-pier walls have a number of limitations the expectation is that in most cases the meshed option will be preferred.
Assuming you choose the meshed option, you then also need to consider what is an appropriate mesh size, and what type of 2D element (i.e. QuadDominant, Quad, or Triangular) is most appropriate. The defaults in Tekla Structural Designer are:
- wall mesh horizontal and vertical size: 1m (3')
- 2D element type: QuadDominant
Benchmarking quad and triangular meshes against the equivalent mid-pier model and theory
A small laterally loaded wall model is investigated in order to benchmark the quad and triangular mesh types against an equivalent mid-pier model and theoretical results.
Model definition
A 12 tall x 6 long x 0.2 thick cantilever wall is subjected to a horizontal tip load of 100 and vertical tip load of -1000.
E = 13.4x106
G = 5583x103
P = 100
L = 12
h = 6
t = 0.2
Assumptions
Flexural and shear deformations are included.
Theory
Models
Three models are initially considered as follows:
- FE meshed wall (quad elements - default mesh size)
- FE meshed wall (triangular elements - default mesh size)
- Mid-pier wall
The FE meshed model parameters are then varied to investigate potential mesh sensitivity.
Key results
Result | Theoretical formula | Theoretical value | FE meshed quad elements | FE meshed tri elements | Mid-pier |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesh size | 72 elements | 170 elements | N/A | ||
Lateral Support Reaction | -P | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Support Moment | PL | -1,200 | -1,200 | -1,200 | -1,200 |
Lateral Deflection |
|
0.001409 | 0.001380 | 0.001333 | 0.001409 |
Comment on above results
As is to be expected, the lateral deflection reported for the mid-pier model exactly matches the value predicted by beam theory. What may at first seem surprising is that the lateral deflections reported for both the meshed models are slightly different. It must be borne in mind that while the answer given by beam theory is an accepted close approximation, it is assuming that plane sections remain plane, so a small difference in the deflection results when using an FE meshed model might be expected.
Mesh sensitivity study (quad elements)
To investigate the sensitivity of the lateral deflections to mesh size the analysis is repeated using a range of mesh sizes.
Result | Beam Theory | Quad elements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 shells | 72 shells (default) | 288 shells | 1152 shells | ||
|
|
|
|
||
Lateral Deflection | 0.001409 | 0.001334 | 0.001380 | 0.001386 | 0.001388 |
Result | Beam Theory | Triangular elements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
22 shells | 170 shells (default) | 666 shells | 2652 shells | ||
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|
|
|
||
Lateral Deflection | 0.001409 | 0.001065 | 0.001333 | 0.001373 | 0.001384 |
Conclusion
When using FE meshed elements for walls, quad elements are to be preferred as they are not particularly sensitive to the mesh size that is adopted. The same can not be said to be true for triangular elements. For this reason we would suggest using either the Quad dominant, or Quad only mesh types, for walls, with the Tri only mesh type being non-preferred.
While mid-pier walls have been shown to give accurate results for this simplistic example, they have significant limitations in real models, one of the main ones being that they do not cater for wall openings. For that reason they are also not generally recommended.